How to Fork the Hedera Network with Hardhat - Basic ERC-20 Contract (Part 1)

In this tutorial, you’ll fork Hedera testnet using Hardhat and interact with a basic ERC-20 token on the forked network. This is an introductory guide to local fork testing with Hardhat using TypeScript. This guide shows how to:

Fork Hedera testnet using Hardhat
Deploy an ERC-20 contract to Hedera testnet
Run Hardhat tests on a fork of Hedera testnet
Read and interact with an existing ERC-20 contract by its EVM address (e.g., balanceOf, name, symbol, transfer), with minimal setup
The process to set up and run tests is similar for mainnet as well

References:

Repo: hashgraph/hedera-forking
Readme sections: Hardhat plugin, Running your Tests
Examples: examples/hardhat-hts/

For a deeper understanding of how Hedera forking works and its limitations, see Forking Hedera Network for Local Testing.

You can take a look at the complete code in the basic-erc20-fork-test-hardhat repository.

Prerequisites

Node.js (v18 or later) and npm
ECDSA account from the Hedera Portal
Basic understanding of Solidity and TypeScript
A Hedera JSON-RPC endpoint:
- mainnet: https://mainnet.hashio.io/api
- testnet: https://testnet.hashio.io/api

Step 1: Project Setup
Step 2: Create the ERC-20 Contract and Deploy to Testnet
Step 3: Write Tests for the Forked Network
Step 4: Run Tests on the Forked Network

Step 1: Project Setup

Initialize Project

Create a new directory and initialize the project:

mkdir basic-erc20-fork-test-hardhat
cd basic-erc20-fork-test-hardhat
npm init -y

Install Dependencies

Create or update your package.json with all required dependencies:

package.json

{
  "name": "basic-erc20-fork-test-hardhat",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Hedera Fork Testing with Hardhat",
  "private": true,
  "scripts": {
    "compile": "hardhat compile",
    "test": "hardhat test",
    "deploy:testnet": "hardhat run scripts/deploy.ts --network hederaTestnet"
  },
  "license": "MIT",
  "devDependencies": {
    "@hashgraph/system-contracts-forking": "0.1.2",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-chai-matchers": "^2.0.0",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ethers": "^3.0.0",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ignition": "^0.15.16",
    "@nomicfoundation/ignition-core": "^0.15.15",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ignition-ethers": "^0.15.0",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-network-helpers": "^1.0.0",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox": "5.0.0",
    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-verify": "^2.0.0",
    "@openzeppelin/contracts": "^5.0.0",
    "@typechain/ethers-v6": "^0.5.0",
    "@typechain/hardhat": "^9.0.0",
    "@types/chai": "^4.2.0",
    "@types/mocha": ">=9.1.0",
    "@types/node": "^20.0.0",
    "chai": "^4.2.0",
    "hardhat": "2.22.19",
    "hardhat-gas-reporter": "^1.0.8",
    "solidity-coverage": "^0.8.1",
    "ts-node": "^10.9.0",
    "typechain": "^8.3.0",
    "typescript": "^5.0.0"
  }
}

Then install all dependencies:

npm install --legacy-peer-deps

Why these specific versions?The @hashgraph/system-contracts-forking plugin requires Hardhat 2.22.x. Newer versions of Hardhat (2.28+) introduced breaking changes that cause a No known hardfork for execution error when forking Hedera networks.

hardhat@2.22.19 - Last compatible version before breaking changes
@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox@5.0.0 - Compatible with Hardhat 2.22.x
@hashgraph/system-contracts-forking@0.1.2 - The Hedera forking plugin
--legacy-peer-deps - Required to resolve dependency conflicts between these versions

Verify Hardhat is installed correctly:

npx hardhat --version
# Should output: 2.22.19

Create Project Structure

Create the necessary directories:

mkdir contracts test scripts

Configure TypeScript

Create tsconfig.json in your project root:

tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2020",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "outDir": "dist",
    "resolveJsonModule": true
  },
  "include": ["./scripts", "./test", "./typechain-types"],
  "files": ["./hardhat.config.ts"]
}

Configure Hardhat

Create hardhat.config.ts in your project root. This file must exist before you can run any Hardhat commands:

hardhat.config.ts

import { HardhatUserConfig, vars } from "hardhat/config";
import "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox";
import "@hashgraph/system-contracts-forking/plugin";

// Load configuration variables
const HEDERA_RPC_URL = vars.get("HEDERA_RPC_URL");
const HEDERA_PRIVATE_KEY = vars.get("HEDERA_PRIVATE_KEY");

const config: HardhatUserConfig = {
  solidity: "0.8.33",
  networks: {
    // Network for deploying to real testnet
    hederaTestnet: {
      url: HEDERA_RPC_URL,
      accounts: [HEDERA_PRIVATE_KEY],
      chainId: 296
    },
    // Local fork of testnet for testing
    hardhat: {
      forking: {
        url: HEDERA_RPC_URL,
        // Pin to a specific block for reproducible tests
        // Update this after deploying your contract
        blockNumber: 29900000,
        // @ts-ignore - custom properties for hedera-forking plugin
        chainId: 296,
        // @ts-ignore
        workerPort: 10001
      }
    }
  }
};

export default config;

Important configuration notes:

HEDERA_RPC_URL - Loaded from Hardhat configuration variables
HEDERA_PRIVATE_KEY - Loaded securely from configuration variables
hederaTestnet - Network configuration for deploying to real testnet
hardhat.forking - Configuration for forking testnet locally
blockNumber - Pin to a block where your deployed contract exists
chainId: 296 - Required for testnet (295 for mainnet)
workerPort: 10001 - Any free port for the worker that intercepts Hardhat calls
@ts-ignore - Required because chainId and workerPort are custom properties not in Hardhat’s type definitions

Set Configuration Variables

Now that hardhat.config.ts exists, you can set the configuration variables. Hardhat allows you to securely store sensitive values using configuration variables:

npx hardhat vars set HEDERA_RPC_URL

When prompted, enter: https://testnet.hashio.io/api

npx hardhat vars set HEDERA_PRIVATE_KEY

When prompted, enter the HEX Encoded Private Key for your ECDSA account from the Hedera Portal.

Make sure your ECDSA account exists on testnet and has sufficient HBAR for deployment. You can fund your testnet account using the Hedera Portal.

You can verify your variables are set correctly:

npx hardhat vars list

Step 2: Create the ERC-20 Contract and Deploy to Testnet

Create the Contract

Create a new file contracts/ERC20Token.sol:

contracts/ERC20Token.sol

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Compatible with OpenZeppelin Contracts ^5.0.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.33;

import {ERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
import {Ownable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

contract ERC20Token is ERC20, Ownable {
    constructor(address initialOwner, address recipient)
        ERC20("MyToken", "MTK")
        Ownable(initialOwner)
    {
        _mint(recipient, 10000 * 10 ** decimals());
    }

    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) public onlyOwner {
        _mint(to, amount);
    }
}

This contract:

Creates a basic ERC-20 token named “MyToken” with symbol “MTK”
Mints 10,000 tokens to a recipient on deployment
Has an onlyOwner mint function for additional minting

Compile the Contract

npx hardhat compile

This will also generate TypeScript types in the typechain-types directory.

Create Deployment Script

Create a new file scripts/deploy.ts:

scripts/deploy.ts

import { ethers } from "hardhat";

async function main(): Promise<void> {
  const [deployer] = await ethers.getSigners();

  console.log("Deploying contracts with the account:", deployer.address);

  const balance = await ethers.provider.getBalance(deployer.address);
  console.log("Account balance:", ethers.formatEther(balance), "HBAR");

  // Deploy ERC20Token with deployer as both owner and initial recipient
  const ERC20Token = await ethers.getContractFactory("ERC20Token");
  const token = await ERC20Token.deploy(deployer.address, deployer.address);

  await token.waitForDeployment();

  const tokenAddress = await token.getAddress();
  console.log("ERC20Token deployed to:", tokenAddress);
  console.log(
    "View on HashScan: https://hashscan.io/testnet/contract/" + tokenAddress
  );

  // Get deployment block number for fork testing reference
  const blockNumber = await ethers.provider.getBlockNumber();
  console.log("Deployed at block number:", blockNumber);
  console.log("\n=== IMPORTANT ===");
  console.log("Save this contract address for your fork tests!");
  console.log(
    "Update blockNumber in hardhat.config.ts to >=",
    blockNumber,
    "when forking"
  );
}

main().catch((error) => {
  console.error(error);
  process.exitCode = 1;
});

Deploy to Testnet

Deploy your contract to Hedera testnet:

npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.ts --network hederaTestnet

You should see output similar to:

Deploying contracts with the account: 0xA98556A4deeB07f21f8a66093989078eF86faa30
Account balance: 63051.15495643 HBAR
ERC20Token deployed to: 0xea606E2D68Ff9F211756b8cfd9026a7Eb76845C9
View on HashScan: https://hashscan.io/testnet/contract/0xea606E2D68Ff9F211756b8cfd9026a7Eb76845C9
Deployed at block number: 29965248

=== IMPORTANT ===
Save this contract address for your fork tests!
Update blockNumber in hardhat. config.ts to >= 29965248 when forking

Save the deployed contract address and block number! You’ll need these for your fork tests. The contract must exist at the block you’re forking from.

Update Hardhat Config with Deployment Block

After deployment, update your hardhat.config.ts with the block number from the deployment output:

blockNumber: 29965248, // <-- Update this with your deployment block or higher

We have already deployed this ERC-20 contract on testnet at 0xea606E2D68Ff9F211756b8cfd9026a7Eb76845C9 so we will be using this for the remainder of this exercise.

Step 3: Write Tests for the Forked Network

Now we’ll write tests that interact with the already deployed contract on the forked testnet. This is the real power of fork testing - you can test against real deployed contracts without spending gas or affecting the live network. Create a new file test/ERC20Token.test.ts:

Make sure to update the DEPLOYED_CONTRACT constant below with the address of your deployed contract from Step 2.

test/ERC20Token.test.ts

import { expect } from "chai";
import { ethers, network } from "hardhat";
import { loadFixture } from "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox/network-helpers";
import { ERC20Token } from "../typechain-types";
import { HardhatEthersSigner } from "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ethers/signers";

describe("ERC20Token - Forked Network Tests", function () {
  // Your deployed testnet contract:
  const DEPLOYED_CONTRACT = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS"; // <-- Update with your deployed address

  let token: ERC20Token;
  let realOwner: HardhatEthersSigner;
  let alice: HardhatEthersSigner;
  let bob: HardhatEthersSigner;

  /**
   * Fixture to set up the test environment.
   * Using fixtures ensures each test starts with a clean state.
   */
  async function setupFixture(): Promise<{
    token: ERC20Token;
    realOwner: HardhatEthersSigner;
    ownerAddress: string;
    alice: HardhatEthersSigner;
    bob: HardhatEthersSigner;
  }> {
    // Bind to the deployed contract on the forked network
    const tokenContract = await ethers.getContractAt(
      "ERC20Token",
      DEPLOYED_CONTRACT
    );

    // Discover the real on-chain owner (from Ownable)
    const ownerAddress = await tokenContract.owner();

    // Impersonate the real owner so we can call onlyOwner functions
    await network.provider.request({
      method: "hardhat_impersonateAccount",
      params: [ownerAddress]
    });
    const impersonatedOwner = await ethers.getSigner(ownerAddress);

    // Fund the impersonated account with ETH for gas
    await network.provider.send("hardhat_setBalance", [
      ownerAddress,
      "0x56BC75E2D63100000" // 100 ETH in hex
    ]);

    // Get local test accounts for recipients
    const [, aliceSigner, bobSigner] = await ethers.getSigners();

    // Fund local accounts
    await network.provider.send("hardhat_setBalance", [
      aliceSigner.address,
      "0x56BC75E2D63100000"
    ]);
    await network.provider.send("hardhat_setBalance", [
      bobSigner.address,
      "0x56BC75E2D63100000"
    ]);

    return {
      token: tokenContract as ERC20Token,
      realOwner: impersonatedOwner,
      ownerAddress,
      alice: aliceSigner,
      bob: bobSigner
    };
  }

  beforeEach(async function () {
    const fixture = await loadFixture(setupFixture);
    token = fixture.token;
    realOwner = fixture.realOwner;
    alice = fixture.alice;
    bob = fixture.bob;
  });

  /* =========================
          Basic Info
     ========================= */

  describe("Token Information (Reading from Forked State)", function () {
    it("should read name and symbol from deployed contract", async function () {
      expect(await token.name()).to.equal("MyToken");
      expect(await token.symbol()).to.equal("MTK");
    });

    it("should read decimals from deployed contract", async function () {
      expect(await token.decimals()).to.equal(18n);
    });

    it("should read total supply from deployed contract", async function () {
      const totalSupply = await token.totalSupply();
      console.log(
        `Total supply on testnet: ${ethers.formatEther(totalSupply)} MTK`
      );
      expect(totalSupply).to.be.gt(0n);
    });

    it("should read owner balance from deployed contract", async function () {
      const ownerAddress = await token.owner();
      const balance = await token.balanceOf(ownerAddress);
      console.log(
        `Owner (${ownerAddress}) balance: ${ethers.formatEther(balance)} MTK`
      );
      expect(balance).to.be.gt(0n);
    });
  });

  /* =========================
          Ownership
     ========================= */

  describe("Ownership (Testing with Impersonation)", function () {
    it("should reject minting from non-owner", async function () {
      // Alice (not the owner) tries to mint → should revert
      await expect(
        token.connect(alice).mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("100"))
      ).to.be.revertedWithCustomError(token, "OwnableUnauthorizedAccount");
    });

    it("should allow real owner to mint new tokens", async function () {
      const balanceBefore = await token.balanceOf(alice.address);

      // Use the impersonated real owner to mint
      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("500"));

      const balanceAfter = await token.balanceOf(alice.address);
      expect(balanceAfter).to.equal(balanceBefore + ethers.parseEther("500"));
    });
  });

  /* =========================
          Transfers
     ========================= */

  describe("Transfers (Modifying Forked State)", function () {
    it("should transfer tokens from owner to alice", async function () {
      const amount = ethers.parseEther("100");
      const balanceBefore = await token.balanceOf(alice.address);

      // Transfer from impersonated owner
      await token.connect(realOwner).transfer(alice.address, amount);

      const balanceAfter = await token.balanceOf(alice.address);
      expect(balanceAfter).to.equal(balanceBefore + amount);
    });

    it("should handle multiple transfers correctly", async function () {
      // Mint tokens to alice first
      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("1000"));

      const aliceInitial = await token.balanceOf(alice.address);
      const bobInitial = await token.balanceOf(bob.address);

      // Alice transfers to bob
      await token
        .connect(alice)
        .transfer(bob.address, ethers.parseEther("300"));

      expect(await token.balanceOf(alice.address)).to.equal(
        aliceInitial - ethers.parseEther("300")
      );
      expect(await token.balanceOf(bob.address)).to.equal(
        bobInitial + ethers.parseEther("300")
      );
    });

    it("should fail transfer with insufficient balance", async function () {
      // Bob has no tokens initially, should fail
      await expect(
        token.connect(bob).transfer(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("100"))
      ).to.be.revertedWithCustomError(token, "ERC20InsufficientBalance");
    });
  });

  /* =========================
        Allowances
     ========================= */

  describe("Allowances", function () {
    it("should approve and check allowance", async function () {
      // Mint tokens to alice
      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("1000"));

      // Alice approves bob
      await token.connect(alice).approve(bob.address, ethers.parseEther("500"));

      expect(await token.allowance(alice.address, bob.address)).to.equal(
        ethers.parseEther("500")
      );
    });

    it("should transfer using transferFrom after approval", async function () {
      // Mint tokens to alice
      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("1000"));

      // Alice approves bob
      await token.connect(alice).approve(bob.address, ethers.parseEther("500"));

      const aliceBefore = await token.balanceOf(alice.address);

      // Bob transfers from alice to himself
      await token
        .connect(bob)
        .transferFrom(alice.address, bob.address, ethers.parseEther("200"));

      expect(await token.balanceOf(bob.address)).to.equal(
        ethers.parseEther("200")
      );
      expect(await token.balanceOf(alice.address)).to.equal(
        aliceBefore - ethers.parseEther("200")
      );
      expect(await token.allowance(alice.address, bob.address)).to.equal(
        ethers.parseEther("300")
      );
    });

    it("should fail transferFrom without approval", async function () {
      // Mint tokens to alice but no approval for bob
      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("1000"));

      await expect(
        token
          .connect(bob)
          .transferFrom(alice.address, bob.address, ethers.parseEther("100"))
      ).to.be.revertedWithCustomError(token, "ERC20InsufficientAllowance");
    });
  });

  /* =========================
       Supply Changes
     ========================= */

  describe("Supply Changes", function () {
    it("should track supply changes after minting", async function () {
      const supplyBefore = await token.totalSupply();

      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .mint(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("5000"));

      const supplyAfter = await token.totalSupply();
      expect(supplyAfter).to.equal(supplyBefore + ethers.parseEther("5000"));
    });
  });

  /* =========================
      Fork Verification
     ========================= */

  describe("Fork Network Verification", function () {
    it("should be connected to a forked network", async function () {
      const blockNumber = await ethers.provider.getBlockNumber();
      console.log(`Current fork block number: ${blockNumber}`);
      expect(blockNumber).to.be.gt(0);
    });

    it("should be interacting with real deployed contract", async function () {
      // Verify we're reading from the actual deployed contract
      const contractCode = await ethers.provider.getCode(DEPLOYED_CONTRACT);
      expect(contractCode).to.not.equal("0x");
      console.log(
        `Contract at ${DEPLOYED_CONTRACT} has ${contractCode.length} bytes of code`
      );
    });

    it("should preserve original state for each test (via fixtures)", async function () {
      // Each test starts fresh because of loadFixture's snapshot/revert
      const ownerAddress = await token.owner();
      const originalBalance = await token.balanceOf(ownerAddress);

      // This change only affects this test
      await token
        .connect(realOwner)
        .transfer(alice.address, ethers.parseEther("100"));

      // In the next test, the balance will be back to original
      console.log(
        `Original owner balance:  ${ethers.formatEther(originalBalance)} MTK`
      );
    });
  });
});

Key points about these tests:

TypeScript types - Uses generated types from typechain-types for type safety
Uses deployed contract - Tests bind to the already deployed contract using getContractAt
Impersonation - Uses hardhat_impersonateAccount to act as the real owner
Reads real state - Token info, balances, etc. come from the actual testnet deployment
Local modifications - All transfers, mints happen only on the local fork
No testnet changes - The real testnet is never modified
Uses fixtures - loadFixture ensures each test starts with a clean state

Step 4: Run Tests on the Forked Network

Run your tests against the forked Hedera testnet:

npx hardhat test

You should see output similar to:

  ERC20Token - Forked Network Tests
    Token Information (Reading from Forked State)
      ✔ should read name and symbol from deployed contract (371ms)
      ✔ should read decimals from deployed contract
Total supply on testnet: 10000.0 MTK
      ✔ should read total supply from deployed contract (73ms)
Owner (0xA98556A4deeB07f21f8a66093989078eF86faa30) balance: 10000.0 MTK
      ✔ should read owner balance from deployed contract (78ms)
    Ownership (Testing with Impersonation)
      ✔ should reject minting from non-owner (89ms)
      ✔ should allow real owner to mint new tokens (72ms)
    Transfers (Modifying Forked State)
      ✔ should transfer tokens from owner to alice
      ✔ should handle multiple transfers correctly (76ms)
      ✔ should fail transfer with insufficient balance
    Allowances
      ✔ should approve and check allowance (85ms)
      ✔ should transfer using transferFrom after approval
      ✔ should fail transferFrom without approval
    Supply Changes
      ✔ should track supply changes after minting
    Fork Network Verification
Current fork block number: 29965248
      ✔ should be connected to a forked network
Contract at 0xea606E2D68Ff9F211756b8cfd9026a7Eb76845C9 has 9016 bytes of code
      ✔ should be interacting with real deployed contract
Original owner balance:  10000.0 MTK
      ✔ should preserve original state for each test (via fixtures)


  16 passing (2s)

Pin to a Specific Block

For reproducible tests, make sure the blockNumber in your hardhat.config.ts is set to a block where your contract exists. If you try to fork at a block before your contract was deployed, you’ll see an error because the contract doesn’t exist yet at that block.

Understanding Fork Testing with Deployed Contracts

Why Test Against Deployed Contracts?

Real-world state - Test against actual balances, allowances, and state
No deployment costs - Don’t spend gas deploying for every test run
Impersonation - Act as any account (even the contract owner) without their private key
Safe experimentation - Try anything without affecting the real network

How Impersonation Works

// Tell Hardhat to let us sign as this address
await network.provider.request({
  method: "hardhat_impersonateAccount",
  params: [someAddress]
});

// Now we can get a signer for that address
const impersonatedSigner = await ethers.getSigner(someAddress);

// Use it to call functions as if we were that account
await token.connect(impersonatedSigner).transfer(recipient, amount);

Local vs. Remote State

Action	Affects Local Fork	Affects Testnet
Read balances	✅ (cached)	❌ (read-only)
Transfer tokens	✅	❌
Mint new tokens	✅	❌
Deploy new contracts	✅	❌
Impersonate accounts	✅	❌
Changes persist after test	❌ (reset)	N/A

Next Steps

Now that you understand fork testing with deployed contracts, you can:

Test contract upgrades - Fork, deploy upgraded version, compare behavior
Simulate user interactions - Impersonate real users to test edge cases
Move to Part 2 - Learn how to work with HTS System Contracts

In Part 2, you’ll learn how to interact with the Hedera Token Service (HTS) using system contract precompiles, including interacting with existing HTS tokens and understanding the limitations of the forking emulation layer.

Further Learning & Next Steps

How to Fork Hedera with Hardhat (Part 2)
Learn to work with HTS System Contracts and understand emulation limitations
Forking Hedera Network for Local Testing
Deep dive into how Hedera forking works under the hood
How to Fork Hedera with Foundry
Learn fork testing with Foundry framework
hedera-forking Repository
Explore examples and documentation

Writer: Kiran Pachhai, Developer Advocate

GitHub | LinkedIn

​Prerequisites

​Table of Contents

​Step 1: Project Setup

​Initialize Project

​Install Dependencies

​Create Project Structure

​Configure TypeScript

​Configure Hardhat

​Set Configuration Variables

​Step 2: Create the ERC-20 Contract and Deploy to Testnet

​Create the Contract

​Compile the Contract

​Create Deployment Script

​Deploy to Testnet

​Update Hardhat Config with Deployment Block

​Step 3: Write Tests for the Forked Network

​Step 4: Run Tests on the Forked Network

​Pin to a Specific Block

​Understanding Fork Testing with Deployed Contracts

​Why Test Against Deployed Contracts?

​How Impersonation Works

​Local vs. Remote State

​Next Steps

​Further Learning & Next Steps

Writer: Kiran Pachhai, Developer Advocate

Prerequisites

Table of Contents

Step 1: Project Setup

Initialize Project

Install Dependencies

Create Project Structure

Configure TypeScript

Configure Hardhat

Set Configuration Variables

Step 2: Create the ERC-20 Contract and Deploy to Testnet

Create the Contract

Compile the Contract

Create Deployment Script

Deploy to Testnet

Update Hardhat Config with Deployment Block

Step 3: Write Tests for the Forked Network

Step 4: Run Tests on the Forked Network

Pin to a Specific Block

Understanding Fork Testing with Deployed Contracts

Why Test Against Deployed Contracts?

How Impersonation Works

Local vs. Remote State

Next Steps

Further Learning & Next Steps